Do the Crusades show that Christians shouldn't be trusted to make decisions in ethical matters?
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This is the third week of our sermon series on “big
questions”. We asked you what your big questions are about God, the church, or
the Bible. The question today is a bit complicated. I was in a coffee shop that
is a bit like my 3rd office, and I asked the barista there what her
big question was, and she said something like this,
“I think about the crusades and the horrible things Christians did back then, and I think about how trans-gendered people and gay people have been treated. I also think about Christians not being allowed to marry non-Christians, or divorced people. Even if they are tolerated, they aren’t really accepted, they are sort of cut off from Christianity. There seems to be such a difference between modern ethical values and Christian ethical values. How do you use an ancient book like the Bible and use it to help you have ethics that are relevant for today”.
It is a complicated but important question. Sometimes
Christians have done things that seem horrible. There are all kinds of
examples- the crusades, the witch trials under the Inquisition. A modern
example might be the residential schools. There is no shortage of examples of
horrible things Christians have done or have been involved in. With that kind
of a track record how do we think that we can have any real ability as
Christians under the direction of the Bible to make good ethical decisions
today especially regarding issues like marriage and sexuality? Some in our
culture are suspicious of the Christian ability to make ethical decisions based
on some of these past events.
I think we have to deal with this in two parts. First, we need to look a historical
incident that is used to attack the Christian ability to have relevant ethics
for our modern world. And second, we
need to look at how Christians should make ethical decisions.
So first, we will look at the example of The Crusades as a
historical example that is often used to show Christians behaving badly, which
is also often used to discredit Christian ethics. “The Crusades” has become
short-hand for all that we hate about Christianity of the past. We see it as
white Europeans violently attempting to oppress and control other parts of the
world. We envision savage and bloodthirsty European soldiers seeking to steal
land and valuables and justifying it all through Christianity. We imagine
power-crazed church leaders exhibiting their authority at the end of a sword,
and knights destroying peaceful and enlightened people. The Crusades have been
referred to numerous times in the attempt to understand the turmoil in the
Middle East, especially since 9/11.
But, The Crusades are much more complicated than that
caricature allows. We can’t really get into too much detail, but I would like
to give a bit of context that might help us to understand the Crusades a bit
better. The first crusade was called in 1095 by the pope (Urban II) and the
Crusader forces arrived in Jerusalem in 1099.
We can’t really understand the Crusades without understanding
something about the rise of Islam. Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, died in 632.
Within ten years (by 642) Muslim armies invaded and conquered the countries we
know as Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Armenia, Iraq, and Iran. Soon, the Muslim
armies expanded their territories stretching across North Africa, to
Afghanistan and India to the West, Yemen to the south, the area between the
Caspian and Black Sea, Portugal, and Spain. By the early 700’s these armies
were pushing into France. They took over most of Turkey and were threatening
the city of Constantinople. These armies continued to expand taking the islands
just off Spain and the island of Sicily. They even pushed into parts of Italy.
In a very short amount of time Islam overtook over half of what had been
Christian territories. In early Christianity there were considered to be 5
major centers of Christianity in the world. After the Muslim expansion only one
of those centers remained outside Muslim control, which was Rome.
It is hard to Imagine ourselves into the situation that led
to the crusades, but imagine China invades North America then takes over the
United States, the Maritimes, Quebec, and on the other side they take over
B.C..
The 1st crusade was called because the Byzantine
Emperor (Alexios l Comnenus) asked the pope for help in the 11th
century. He was witnessing his lands being attacked by Muslim Turks. In
addition to this plea for help there were also many reports about pilgrims
traveling to the Holy Land, as well as Eastern Christians (who had been living
in these lands since the time of Christ) being robbed, enslaved, and killed. Furthermore,
there were other reports from earlier in the century. For example, In 1009 the
Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which is very likely built over the empty tomb,
was destroyed along with 1000’s of other churches in the holy land. These were the
holiest sites for Christians. For example, Jerusalem was so important in the
medieval mind that in medieval maps of the world Jerusalem was placed at the
very center. It was the place where Christ died and very near the place where
he was born.
If you’ve been at St. Timothy’s during Remembrance Sunday
you’ll know that I have a very hard time seeing war as something Christians can
participate in. So, I’m in no way defending the Crusades as acts of war. I do,
however, think the Crusades are a relatively rational reply for those who are not
pacifists as a response to invading military forces and a plea for help from the
emperor of those territories. Now some
Crusaders did horrifying and awful things. Some armies were rag tag groups that
responded to the pope’s call by first attacking many local Jewish communities.
They even attacked local bishops that tried to stop them. Also when a crusader
force took Jerusalem there was a massive slaughter of Muslims, Jews, and even
many local Christians. So there were horrifying and evil things that took
place, and to begin grasping these actions we would have to look into medieval
warfare and the conditions the armies experienced. … But, in general, the
Crusades were a defensive action. There was no attempt to recover any of the
other areas taken by Muslim armies. The main target was the Holy Land. With
that context I hope that we can see that the Crusades are not the simple
caricature we are sometimes presented with. This isn’t to say that that churches
or Christians are innocent of crimes in the past. All I’m trying to say is that the historical
reality of the Crusades are more complicated than the stereotype that is
sometimes thrown in our faces.
We don’t have time to go into all the cases that are often
used as examples of Christians behaving badly[1],
but I just want us to know that usually these are stereotypes and when we look
into the history we often find a mixture of forces both cultural and religious-
both virtuous and sinful- at work in these histories. They existed within a
different worldview and quite often were doing the best they could given their
context. This isn’t to say horrible things didn’t happen, it’s just to say these
historical cases are more complicated than they are usually presented and definitely
shouldn’t be used as example of why Christians can’t be trusted to make ethical
decisions.
This brings us to the
second part of our question. We will
now turn to how Christians can make ethical decisions under the direction of
the Bible. In some ways this overlaps with what Regula said last week about seeking
the will of God. What I’m going to be
speaking about is the more general directions from God about what is right and
wrong, rather than who to marry or whether you should get married or not. I’m
not going to get into the specifics of sexual ethics or marriage (that topic
needs at least a sermon on its own).
If we randomly flipped open our Bibles and blindly put our
fingers on a verse, we might land on Leviticus 19:19-
“you shall not sow your field with two kinds of seed; nor shall you put on a garment made of two different materials.”
If we then opened our Bibles randomly again we might land on the
verse, Exodus 20:13-
“You shall not murder”.
If we do it again we might land on
Matthew 5:44-
“Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you”.
And if
you did it again you might land on Levitucus 20:9-
“All who curse father or mother shall be put to death”.
All these are in the Bible. Shouldn’t we be
applying all these directions to our lives?
But then we read in Paul’s letter
to the Galatians that, “if you are led by the Spirit, you are not subject to
the law” (Gal 5:18). So we are in some way free from the law. …
The Bible
is not primarily a law code full of commands to obey. Primarily, it is a story
that we are invited into.
The New Testament scholar and Bishop N.T. Wright has a
helpful way of imagining how to apply the Bible to our lives. He imagines that a lost play has been
discovered. It is a Shakespeare play that no one knew about. It is a 5 act
play, but they only recovered the first 4 acts. A famous director is asked to
perform the play, but they aren’t sure what to do with the missing 5th
act. So he hires very experienced Shakespearean actors who know the rest of
Shakespeare’s plays inside and out. They practice the first 4 acts over and
over and on opening night they improvise the missing last act. As they
improvise the last act they can’t simply go back and repeat a previous act.
That would be strange and it wouldn’t forward the story at all. But, they also
couldn’t just do something completely different and act out an episode of Dr.
Who. There has to be continuity with what has taken pace in the previous 4
acts. As they improvise the last act they have to allow it to flow from the
other 4, but it also has to progress and have its own integrity as an act in
the play.
As Christians we are living the 5th act right now.
It wouldn’t make sense for us to go back and recreate the society we read about
in Leviticus. But, neither can we ignore what has been. We have to live in
continuity with the history of God’s people.
In Paul’s first letter to the Corinthians (in chapter 6) he
is writing to some in the church who heard that Paul taught that we are no
longer under the Law. They thought to themselves that they were free to do
anything they wanted. There was a catch-phrase they used- “All things are
lawful for me”. And Paul used it to correct them. He said,
“‘All things are lawful for me’, but not all things are beneficial. ‘All things are lawful for me’, but I will not be dominated by anything” (1 Cor 6:12).
They were improvising
the 5th act, but they were ignoring the first 4 acts. They weren’t
living in continuity with God’s story and God’s people. That doesn’t mean they
should be recreating an Old Testament community- they are in act 5, not act 2
or 3.
Paul goes on to say in this chapter that they should not use
their bodies for sexual immorality. That wouldn’t make sense in terms of the
story they are a part of. Paul says,
“do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit within you, which you have from God, and that you are not your own? For you were bought with a price; therefore glorify God in your body. (1 Cor 6:19-20).
You
are a part of a bigger story so you need to act according to that story. It
doesn’t mean you have to repeat what has been. We are free from the Law, so
that’s not the phase of the story we are living in, but we are still God’s
people. As Jesus says in our Gospel reading,
“Those who love me will keep my word, and my Father will love them, and we will come to them and make our home with them.” (John 14:23).
We have a Lord and our actions matter. As God’s
people we are a part of a community that stretched through the centuries and
our actions have to be considered in light of that community. As Christians
when it comes to ethics we should never really be asking “what can we get away
with?” Instead we should be asking, what is in keeping with my being salt and
light in this world? What is in keeping with me being a child of God and a
representative of Christ? How should I use the freedom Christ bought for me
with his blood? What is in keeping with being a temple of the Holy Spirit and a
member of the body of Christ?
Christian ethics aren’t always a black and white matter, so
it’s not always easy or clear. It takes prayer and a close relationship with
God and an intimate understanding of the Bible. But you aren’t alone in this.
We do this as a community under the direction of the Holy Spirit. Our ethics
are very relevant to the modern world, but we can’t just forget about the
community we are a part of and accept whatever ethics tend to be popular at the
time. Our ethics aren’t determined by television, they are determined by discerning
God’s direction as a community under the authority of the Bible empowered by
the Spirit.
[1]
The inquisition and the witch
trials are another historical incident that is often presented as an example of
the horror Christians are capable of. There was an estimated 30-60,000 people
that were killed under the witch trials of Western Europe. But, these were not
generally under the direction or approval of the church. According to the
theologian and historian David Bentley Hart, “the church’s various regional
inquisitions’… principal role in the
early modern witch hunts was to suppress them: to quiet mass hysteria through
the imposition of judicial process, to restrain the cruelty of secular courts,
and to secure dismissals in practically every case” (Atheist Delusions, 76). “It was the Catholic Church, of all the
institutions of the time, that came to treat accusations of witchcraft with the
most pronounced incredulity. Where secular courts and licentious mobs were
eager to consign the accused to the tender ministrations of the public
executioner, ecclesial inquisitions were prone to demand hard evidence and, in
its absence, to dismiss charges. Ultimately, in lands where the authority of
the church and its inquisitions were strong- especially during the high tide of
witch-hunting- convictions were extremely rare. … In many cases, it was those
who were most hostile to the power of the church to intervene in secular
affairs who were also most avid to see the power of the state express itself in
the merciless destruction of those most perfidious of dissidents, witches”
(80). The sociologist and historian Rodney Stark has said, “the first
significant objections to the reality of satanic witchcraft came from Spanish Inquisitors,
not from scientists” (For the Glory of God, 221). Hart argues that “violence
increased in proportion to the degree of sovereignty claimed by the state, and
that whenever the medieval church surrendered moral authority to secular power,
injustice and cruelty flourished” (86). Again, this isn’t to say that the
church is innocent. It especially does not say that Christians are innocent.
All I’m trying to say is that the historical reality of the Inquisitions and
the witch hunts are more complicated than the stereotype that is sometimes
thrown in our faces.
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